1. 表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，常與表頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用：
She often speaks English.
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2. 表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征、職業(yè)、能力、感覺等：
He seems to feel a bit down today.
He works as a driver.
3. 表示真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)或用于格言警句中：
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
4. 表示現(xiàn)在瞬間的動(dòng)作：
Here comes the bus!
5. 表示將來
1) 表按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（僅限于某些表示“來、去、動(dòng)、停、開始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的趨向動(dòng)詞），可以與表示未來的時(shí)間狀語搭配使用。常見的用法是：飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通狀況。如：
The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
How often does the shuttle bus run?
2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來發(fā)生的事情：
When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me.
I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy.
標(biāo)志：動(dòng)詞過去式
*閉音節(jié)：元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果發(fā)字母本來的音則稱為開音節(jié)，否則稱為閉音節(jié)。
1. 表示過去某時(shí)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用（e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week,>
Jim rang you just now.
Liu Ying was in America last year.
2. 表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，特別是used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過去常常。如：
When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.
*注意區(qū)分sb. used to do sth.（某人過去常常做某事，此處to是動(dòng)詞不定式標(biāo)志符號）和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.（某人習(xí)慣于某物/做某事，此處to是介詞）。
3. 代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。此用法僅適用于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞（如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等）及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could, would。如：
I wondered if you could have a word with me.
I hoped you could help me with my English.
Would you mind my sitting here?
4. 虛擬語氣中用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用句型有：
It is time that sb. did sth. “某人該做某事了”
would rather sb. did sth. “寧愿某人做某事”
標(biāo)志：will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形
1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，通常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用（e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等）。如：
We shall have a lot of rain next month.
My husband will come back in a few days.
2. 表示傾向性和習(xí)慣性：
Fish will die without water.
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.
3. 一般將來時(shí)的幾種句式結(jié)構(gòu)辨析：
1) will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形
多用于表達(dá)主觀愿望或必定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情（“將會(huì)如何”）
*shall作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般只用于第一人稱
2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形
表示即將發(fā)生或打算要做的事：
It is going to rain.
We are going to have a meeting today.
3) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形
表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
He is to visit Japan next year.
4) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形
表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，意為“馬上要做某事”，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語，如：
The plane is about to start.
標(biāo)志：be + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：
She is writing a letter upstairs.
Who are you waiting for?
It is raining hard.
2. 表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行）：
I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.
3. 表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往包含說話者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如：
John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.
He is always thinking of others first.
4. 表示將來
1) 表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：
Uncle Wang is coming.
They're leaving for Beijing.
2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的事情。如：
Please drop in when you are passing my way.
If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.
標(biāo)志：was / were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
1. 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中常用的時(shí)間狀語有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如：
I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.
They were watching TV at home last night.
2. 表示過去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往包含說話者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如：
My brother was always losing his keys.
3. 表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.
4. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)有一個(gè)主要用法就是描述一件事情發(fā)生的背景（一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生）：
Granny fell asleep when she was reading.
It was raining when they left the station.
標(biāo)志：have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
1. 表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生并已完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況（表示“已完成”）。如：
He has left the city. （結(jié)果：他目前不在這個(gè)城市）
Someone has broken the window. （結(jié)果：窗戶破了）
2. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去（表示“未完成”）。
I have been busy since last week.
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
I’ve finished half so far.
注意 瞬間動(dòng)詞通常是不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)性的，但其否定結(jié)構(gòu)則可以。如：
She hasn’t seen you for ages.
His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.
3. 表示過去到現(xiàn)在為止反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如：
I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.
4. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.
5. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常見詞語
能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常見的有：
1) since 自從
I have been there many times since the war.
We haven’t seen each other since last week.
We have been friends ever since.
2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過去/最近…中
I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.
Great changes have take place in the last ten years.
I have been here (for) the last/past month.
3) so far 到目前為止
We haven’t had any trouble so far.
So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.
4) up to/until now 到現(xiàn)在為止
Up to now he’s been quiet.
Up to now, the work has been easy.
I have heard nothing from him up till now.
Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.
5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…
It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.
It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.
It is the second time (that) I have met him today.
6) This is + 形容詞最高級 + that … 這是最…
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系；
而一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過去，不涉及對現(xiàn)在的影響。如：
I have seen this film. （我已經(jīng)看過了這部電影）
I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的這部電影）
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆沒有時(shí)間狀語；
而一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等）。
3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)時(shí)一般使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（如live, teach, work, know等）；
而一般過去時(shí)常使用瞬間動(dòng)詞（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：
He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.
My grandfather bought the car five years ago.
7. 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)辨析
1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)，這是錯(cuò)誤的。如：
(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。
(√) He has been dead for two years.
(√) He died two years ago.
(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開演十分鐘了。
(√) The film has been>(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.
(×) She has married for three years. 她結(jié)婚有三年了。
(√) She has been married for three years.
(√) She married Mike three years ago.
2) 學(xué)生往往不懂如何區(qū)分have been to和have gone to，盡管兩者均可后接地點(diǎn)，但have been to表示去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了），have gone to表示到某地去了（現(xiàn)在還沒回來）。如：
She has been to Paris (three times).
She has gone to Paris.
標(biāo)志：had + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
1. 表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。如：
By the end of last week he had finished the work.
He had left when I arrived.
2. 表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：
We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.
The film had beenmax-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(111, 111, 111); letter-spacing: 0.544px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 28px; border-width: 0px; border-style: none; border-color: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif;">
3. 某些表意向的動(dòng)詞（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的過去完成時(shí)表示主語未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、希望、打算。如：
I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
4. （虛擬語氣）在條件狀體從句或wish / would rather等后面的從句中，使用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望。如：
The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.
I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.
5. 過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)
1) 基本區(qū)別：過去完成時(shí)表示以過去某時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，即過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，而一般過去時(shí)只表示以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。如：
He studied there two years ago.他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)（離現(xiàn)在兩年）
He said he had studied there two years before.他說他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)過。（離他說話時(shí)兩年）
2) 特別注意：兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如果按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或者用then, and, but等連詞連接時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。如：
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
標(biāo)志：would + 動(dòng)詞原形
1. 表示從過去某一時(shí)間來看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，一般用于主句為過去時(shí)的賓語從句中。如：
He said he would come here next Friday.
I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.
2. 表示過去的動(dòng)作習(xí)慣或傾向：
The old man would sit>When I worked>
3. 用于虛擬語氣中：
If I were you, I would not do that.
If he were here, he would show us how to do it.
4. 過去將來時(shí)的其他形式
1) was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如：
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.
She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.
2) was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如：
The building was to be completed next month.
Li Lei was to arrive soon.
3) was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如：
We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.
He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.
